Using a Flow Through device to reconstruct the thermal gradient in the water column based on G. inflata Mg/Ca

We present Mg/Ca analyses performed via a Flow Through sequential dissolution device connected to an ICP-OES on the planktonic foraminifer Globorotalia inflata. The aim of the study is to explore the possibility to reconstruct the thermal gradient in the water column by separating non-crusted and crusted calcite phases in the tests of G. inflata using the difference between their Mg/Ca ratios as a measure of the thermal gradient. An important assumption is that the non-crusted part of the tests is calcified in shallow, warmer water than the crusted part. For analyses a range of different preparation steps were used to determine the ideal way of separating the phases. Foraminifer tests were (not) cleaned, (not) crushed, and (not) pulverized before online analysis with the FT device. To analyze samples with a FT device the foraminifer tests are placed on a filter with a mesh of 0.45 μm preventing clay minerals to wash through. A sequential dissolution protocol first rinses the samples with buffered Seralpur water before QD HNO3 is added in small steps to create a ramp of increasing acid strength. As acid is kept constant at each concentration for several minutes, dissolution of a specific calcite phase can take place. Initial results show that it is most effective to slightly crush the tests without applying standard cleaning procedures, but rather analyze them without cleaning. Samples were selected from the South Atlantic (core tops and specific downcore samples) and the Mediteterranean (plankton tows). All samples were chosen based on previous work on them to provide comparison with routinely analysed Mg/Ca ratios. The South Atlantic samples have been analyzed extensively as bulk samples separated in difference size fractions and crusted vs. non-crusted (Groeneveld and Chiessi). The Mediterranean samples were not only analyzed as bulk samples but also by Laser Ablation ICP-MS (von Raden et al.). Results show that bulk analyses are reliably reproduced by the FT method, especially for samples which are dominated by crusted calcite. Samples which were uncrusted often gave much higher Mg/Ca ratios than the bulk analyses. These higher Mg/Ca ratios mainly occur in the plankton tow samples and were also identified with Laser Ablation ICP-MS. A possible reason for this could be the presence of a high Mg amorphous calcite layer on the outside of foraminifer tests which have not completed their calcification yet as was recently also pointed out in several other studies. Identification of the crusted and uncrusted phases, and therewith a thermal gradient, seems to give the expected differences but a more rigorous statistical treatment is needed to pinpoint singular dissolution phases

Northern Hemisphere Glaciation during the Globally Warm Early Late Pliocene

The early Late Pliocene (3.6 to ~3.0 million years ago) is the last extended interval in Earth's history when atmospheric CO2 concentrations were comparable to today's and global climate was warmer. Yet a severe global glaciation during marine isotope stage (MIS) M2 interrupted this phase of global warmth ~3.30 million years ago, and is seen as a premature attempt of the climate system to establish an ice-age world. Here we propose a conceptual model for the glaciation and deglaciation of MIS M2 based on geochemical and palynological records from five marine sediment cores along a Caribbean to eastern North Atlantic transect. Our records show that increased Pacific-to-Atlantic flow via the Central American Seaway weakened the North Atlantic Current and attendant northward heat transport prior to MIS M2. The consequent cooling of the northern high latitude oceans permitted expansion of the continental ice sheets during MIS M2, despite near-modern atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Sea level drop during this glaciation halted the inflow of Pacific water to the Atlantic via the Central American Seaway, allowing the build-up of a Caribbean Warm Pool. Once this warm pool was large enough, the Gulf Stream–North Atlantic Current system was reinvigorated, leading to significant northward heat transport that terminated the glaciation. Before and after MIS M2, heat transport via the North Atlantic Current was crucial in maintaining warm climates comparable to those predicted for the end of this century

Multivariate restricted maximum likelihood estimation of genetic parameters for growth, carcass and meat quality traits in French Large White and French Landrace pigs

Genetic parameters of 7 traits measured in central test stations - average daily gain (ADG1), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and backfat thickness (ABT) measured on candidates for selection, and average daily gain (ADG2), dressing percentage (DP), estimated carcass lean content (ECLC) and meat quality index (MQI) measured in slaughtered relatives - were estimated for the Large White (LW) and French Landrace (LR) breeds using a derivative free restricted maximum likelihood (DF-REML) procedure applied to a multiple trait individual animal model. The data consisted of 2 sets of records (3 671 and 3 630 candidates, 3 039 and 2 695 slaughtered animals in, respectively, LW and LR breeds) collected at 3 different stations from 1985-1990 (LW) or 1980-1990 (LR). The models included additive genetic value, common environment of birth litter and residual random effects, a fixed year x station x batch or year x station x slaughter date effect and, for traits measured in slaughtered animals, a fixed sex effect and a covariable (weight at the beginning or at the end of the test period). Heritabilities of ADG1, ABT, FCR, ADG2, DP, ECLC and MQI were respectively 0.30, 0.64, 0.22, 0.52, 0.39, 0.60, 0.33 in the LW and 0.34, 0.56, 0.25, 0.46, 0.31, 0.68, 0.23 in the LR breed. Common litter effects ranged from 5% (ABT in LW breed) to 16% (ADG2 in LR breed) of phenotypic variance. Growth traits and FCR exhibited favourable genetic correlations, but were unfavourably correlated to DP and carcass lean content. MQI also showed unfavourable though generally low genetic correlations with all the other traits. These antagonisms were apparent in both breeds, but tended to be larger in the LW than in the LR breed.Les paramètres génétiques de sept caractères mesurés dans les stations publiques de contrôle de performance - le gain moyen quotidien (GMQ1), l’indice de consommation (IC) et l’épaisseur de lard (ELD) mesurés sur les candidats à la sélection ainsi que le gain moyen quotidien (GMQ2), le rendement de carcasse (RDT), le pourcentage de muscle (PM) et l’indice de qualité de la viande (IQV) mesurés sur des apparentés abattus - ont été estimés pour les races Large White (LW) et Landrace français (LR) à l’aide du maximum de vraisemblance restreinte appliqué à un modèle animal multicaractères. Deux fichiers de tailles comparables (3 671 et 3 630 candidats, 3 039 et 2 695 animaux abattus, respectivement, pour les races LW et LR) ont été constitués à partir des données collectées dans trois stations au cours des périodes 1985-90 (LW) et 1980-90 (LR). Les modèles d’analyse incluaient les effets aléatoires de la valeur génétique additive de l’animal, du milieu commun de la portée de naissance, l’effet fixé de l’année x station x bande ou de l’année x station x date d’abattage et, pour les caractères mesurés chez les animaux abattus, l’effet fixé du sexe et une covariable (poids au début ou à la fin du contrôle). Les valeurs d’héritabilité de GMQ1, ELD, IC, GMQ2, RDT, PM et IQV s’élèvent respectivement à 0,30; 0,64; 0,22; 0,52; 0,39; 0,60; 0,33 en race LW et 0,34; 0,56; 0,25; 0,46; 0,31; 0,68; 0,23 en race LR. Les effets de milieu commun de la portée de naissance représentent de 5% (ELD en race LW) à 16% (GMQ2 en race GR) de la variance phénotypique. La croissance et l’indice de consommation présentent entre eux des corrélations génétiques favorables, mais sont corrélés de façon défavorable au rendement et au taux de muscle de la carcasse. L’IQV présente également des corrélations génétiques défavorables, bien qu’en général faibles, avec l’ensemble des autres caractères. Ces antagonismes existent dans les deux races, mais tendent à être plus marqués en race LW que LR

Primary studies of trace quantities of green vegetation in Mono Lake area using 1990 AVIRIS data

Our primary results in Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve indicate that high spectral resolution Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data may provide a substantial advantage in vegetation, based on the chlorophyll red edge feature from 700-780 nm. The chlorophyll red edge was detected for green vegetation cover as low as 4.8 percent. The objective of our studies in Mono Lake area is to continue the experiments performed in Jasper Ridge and to examine the persistence of red edge feature of trace quantities of green vegetation for different plant communities with non-uniform soil backgrounds

Ultrafast quasiparticle relaxation dynamics in normal metals and heavy fermion materials

We present a detailed theoretical study of the ultrafast quasiparticle relaxation dynamics observed in normal metals and heavy fermion materials with femtosecond time-resolved optical pump-probe spectroscopy. For normal metals, a nonthermal electron distribution gives rise to a temperature (T) independent electron-phonon relaxation time at low temperatures, in contrast to the T^{-3}-divergent behavior predicted by the two-temperature model. For heavy fermion compounds, we find that the blocking of electron-phonon scattering for heavy electrons within the density-of-states peak near the Fermi energy is crucial to explain the rapid increase of the electron-phonon relaxation time below the Kondo temperature. We propose the hypothesis that the slower Fermi velocity compared to the sound velocity provides a natural blocking mechanism due to energy and momentum conservation laws.Comment: 10 pages, 11 figure

Marked changes in electron transport through the blue copper protein azurin in the solid state upon deuteration

Measuring electron transport (ETp) across proteins in the solid-state offers a way to study electron transfer (ET) mechanism(s) that minimizes solvation effects on the process. Solid state ETp is sensitive to any static (conformational) or dynamic (vibrational) changes in the protein. Our macroscopic measurement technique extends the use of ETp meas-urements down to low temperatures and the concomitant lower current densities, because the larger area still yields measurable currents. Thus, we reported previously a surprising lack of temperature-dependence for ETp via the blue copper protein azurin (Az), from 80K till denaturation, while ETp via apo-(Cu-free) Az was found to be temperature de-pendent \geq 200K. H/D substitution (deuteration) can provide a potentially powerful means to unravel factors that affect the ETp mechanism at a molecular level. Therefore, we measured and report here the kinetic deuterium isotope effect (KIE) on ETp through holo-Az as a function of temperature (30-340K). We find that deuteration has a striking effect in that it changes ETp from temperature independent to temperature dependent above 180K. This change is expressed in KIE values between 1.8 at 340K and 9.1 at \leq 180K. These values are particularly remarkable in light of the previously reported inverse KIE on the ET in Az in solution. The high values that we obtain for the KIE on the ETp process across the protein monolayer are consistent with a transport mechanism that involves through-(H-containing)-bonds of the {\beta}-sheet structure of Az, likely those of am-ide groups.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, 2 Supplementary figure

Procalcitonin to guide taking blood cultures in the intensive care unit; a cluster-randomized controlled trial

AbstractObjectivesWe aimed to study the safety and efficacy of procalcitonin in guiding blood cultures taking in critically ill patients with suspected infection.MethodsWe performed a cluster-randomized, multi-centre, single-blinded, cross-over trial. Patients suspected of infection in whom taking blood for culture was indicated were included. The participating intensive care units were stratified and randomized by treatment regimen into a control group and a procalcitonin-guided group. All patients included in this trial followed the regimen that was allocated to the intensive care unit for that period. In both groups, blood was drawn at the same moment for a procalcitonin measurement and blood cultures. In the procalcitonin-guided group, blood cultures were sent to the department of medical microbiology when the procalcitonin was >0.25 ng/mL. The main outcome was safety, expressed as mortality at day 28 and day 90.ResultsThe control group included 288 patients and the procalcitonin-guided group included 276 patients. The 28- and 90-day mortality rates in the procalcitonin-guided group were 29% (80/276) and 38% (105/276), respectively. The mortality rates in the control group were 32% (92/288) at day 28 and 40% (115/288) at day 90. The intention-to-treat analysis showed hazard ratios of 0.85 (95% CI 0.62–1.17) and 0.89 (95% CI 0.67–1.17) for 28-day and 90-day mortality, respectively. The results were deemed non-inferior because the upper limit of the 95% CI was below the margin of 1.20.ConclusionApplying procalcitonin to guide blood cultures in critically ill patients with suspected infection seems to be safe, but the benefits may be limited.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: ID NCT01847079. Registered on 24 April 2013, retrospectively registered